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A germline mutation can also occur due to exogenous factors. Similar to somatic mutations, germline mutations can be caused by exposure to harmful substances, which damage the DNA of germ cells. This damage can then either be repaired perfectly, and no mutations will be present, or repaired imperfectly, resulting in a variety of mutations. [11]
A somatic mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a somatic cell of a multicellular organism with dedicated reproductive cells; that is, any mutation that occurs in a cell other than a gamete, germ cell, or gametocyte.
The spontaneous mutation frequency was found to be significantly higher (5 to 10-fold) in the somatic cell types than in the male germline cells. [3] In female mice, somatic cells were also found to have a higher mutation frequency than germline cells. [4] It was suggested that elevated levels of DNA repair enzymes play a prominent role in the ...
The human germline mutation rate is approximately 0.5×10 −9 per basepair per year. [1] In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene, nucleotide sequence, or organism over time. [2] Mutation rates are not constant and are not limited to a single type of mutation; there are many different types of mutations.
According to this definition, mutations, recombinations and other genetic changes in the germline may be passed to offspring, but changes in a somatic cell will not be. [9] This need not apply to somatically reproducing organisms, such as some Porifera [ 10 ] and many plants.
Germline mosaicism, also called gonadal mosaicism, is a type of genetic mosaicism where more than one set of genetic information is found specifically within the gamete cells; conversely, somatic mosaicism is a type of genetic mosaicism found in somatic cells. Germline mosaicism can be present at the same time as somatic mosaicism or ...
Because they are inherited from the parents, they are classified as hereditary or germline mutations rather than acquired or somatic mutations. Cancer caused by a mutated gene inherited from an individual's parents is a hereditary cancer rather than a sporadic cancer .
Somatic hypermutation (or SHM) is a cellular mechanism by which the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it (e.g. microbes).A major component of the process of affinity maturation, SHM diversifies B cell receptors used to recognize foreign elements and allows the immune system to adapt its response to new threats during the lifetime of an organism. [1]