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The useful daylight illuminance calculation is based on three factors—the percentage of time a point is below, between, or above an illuminance value. The range for these factors is typically 100–2,000 lux. Useful daylight illuminance is similar to daylight autonomy but has the added benefit of addressing glare and thermal discomfort. [44]
Skylights provide daylight. The only view they provide is essentially straight up in most applications. Well-insulated light tubes can bring daylight into northern rooms, without using a skylight. A passive-solar greenhouse provides abundant daylight for the equator-side of the building.
British engineer and architect William Fairbairn is sometimes credited with the first designs for what he termed the shed principle possibly as early as 1827. In his "Treatise on Mills and Millwork", of 1863, Fairbairn stated that, "Contemporaneous with the architectural improvements in mills [from 1827], the shed principle lighted from the roof, or the "saw-tooth" system, came into operation.
[6] [7] Daylighting reduces collisions by removing obstructions that prevent drivers from seeing other cars, pedestrians, bicyclists, and other road users. The National Association of City Transportation Officials recommends daylighting by preventing cars from parking within 20–25 feet (6.1–7.6 m) of an intersection. [ 8 ]
Daylighting can refer to: Daylighting (architecture), use of windows for indirect lighting; Daylighting (intersections), improving road visibility at intersections; Daylighting (streams), restoration of a previously buried watercourse; Daylighting (tunnels), opening a transportation tunnel
In architecture, a daylight factor (DF) [1] is the ratio of the light level inside a structure to the light level outside the structure. It is defined as:
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The first full-scale passive horizontal light pipes were built at the Daylight Lab at Texas A&M University, where the annual daylight performance was thoroughly evaluated in a 360 degree rotating 6 m wide by 10 m deep room. The pipe is coated with a 99.3% specular reflective film and the distribution element at the end of the light pipe ...