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Chlorobenzene (abbreviated PhCl) is an aryl chloride and the simplest of the chlorobenzenes, consisting of a benzene ring substituted with one chlorine atom. Its chemical formula is C 6 H 5 Cl. This colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals.
Chlorobenzenes are a group of aryl chlorides/halobenzenes consisting of one or more chlorine atoms as substituents on a benzene core. They have the formula C 6 H 6–n Cl n, where n = 1–6 is the number of chlorine atoms. Depending on the number of chlorine substituents, there may be several constitutional isomers possible. Monochlorobenzene ...
In addition to chlorine, sulfur dioxide is also introduced into the reaction mixture. The products formed are alkylsulfonyl chlorides, which are further processed into surfactants. [28] Hydrochloric acid is formed as a coupling product, as is the case with photochlorination. Since direct sulfonation of the alkanes is hardly possible, this ...
Addition of Cl 2 destroys the aromaticity of the benzene ring, and the addition of two more Cl 2 molecules is rapid compared to the first. Hence, only thrice-dichlorinated product can be isolated from this reaction. Radical addition: C 6 H 6 + 3Cl 2 → C 6 H 6 Cl 6. Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers with more than one chlorine atom per carbon are:
Halogenation of benzene where X is the halogen, catalyst represents the catalyst (if needed) and HX represents the protonated base. A few types of aromatic compounds, such as phenol, will react without a catalyst, but for typical benzene derivatives with less reactive substrates, a Lewis acid is required as a catalyst.
In commercial applications, the alkylating agents are generally alkenes, some of the largest scale reactions practiced in industry.Such alkylations are of major industrial importance, e.g. for the production of ethylbenzene, the precursor to polystyrene, from benzene and ethylene and for the production of cumene from benzene and propene in cumene process:
The nitration of benzene is achieved via the action of the nitronium ion as the electrophile. The sulfonation with fuming sulfuric acid gives benzenesulfonic acid. Aromatic halogenation with bromine, chlorine, or iodine gives the corresponding aryl halides. This reaction is typically catalyzed by the corresponding iron or aluminum trihalide.
All three have been synthesized by various routes: 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene: from 2-chloroaniline, via diazotization followed by a Sandmeyer reaction [1]; 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene: by (3-chlorophenyl)trimethylgermanium by electrophilic substitution [2] [better source needed]