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It includes the Zero Redundancy Optimizer (ZeRO) for training models with 1 trillion or more parameters. [4] Features include mixed precision training, single-GPU, multi-GPU, and multi-node training as well as custom model parallelism. The DeepSpeed source code is licensed under MIT License and available on GitHub. [5]
code which is executed but has no external effect (e.g., does not change the output produced by a program; known as dead code). A NOP instruction might be considered to be redundant code that has been explicitly inserted to pad out the instruction stream or introduce a time delay, for example to create a timing loop by "wasting time".
In the C programming language, Duff's device is a way of manually implementing loop unrolling by interleaving two syntactic constructs of C: the do-while loop and a switch statement. Its discovery is credited to Tom Duff in November 1983, when Duff was working for Lucasfilm and used it to speed up a real-time animation program.
Reduced Code Readability: If loop unrolling is done manually instead of by an optimizing compiler, the code can become harder to understand and maintain. Conflict with Function Inlining: When the loop body contains function calls, unrolling may prevent inlining due to excessive code expansion, leading to a trade-off between these two optimizations.
The Power of 10 Rules were created in 2006 by Gerard J. Holzmann of the NASA/JPL Laboratory for Reliable Software. [1] The rules are intended to eliminate certain C coding practices that make code difficult to review or statically analyze.
An alternate source is the W3C webpage on PNG, which includes an appendix with a short and simple table-driven implementation in C of CRC-32. [4] You will note that the code corresponds to the lsbit-first byte-at-a-time algorithm presented here, and the table is generated using the bit-at-a-time code.
The code-rate is hence a real number. A low code-rate close to zero implies a strong code that uses many redundant bits to achieve a good performance, while a large code-rate close to 1 implies a weak code. The redundant bits that protect the information have to be transferred using the same communication resources that they are trying to protect.
Zero-copy programming techniques can be used when exchanging data within a user space process (i.e. between two or more threads, etc.) and/or between two or more processes (see also producer–consumer problem) and/or when data has to be accessed / copied / moved inside kernel space or between a user space process and kernel space portions of operating systems (OS).