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392 million (2015) [ 11] Type 2 diabetes ( T2D ), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. [ 6] Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue and unexplained weight loss. [ 3]
Metformin was approved in Canada in 1972, [5] but did not receive approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for type 2 diabetes until 1994. [161] Produced under license by Bristol-Myers Squibb , Glucophage was the first branded formulation of metformin to be marketed in the U.S., beginning on 3 March 1995. [ 162 ]
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors ( AGIs) are oral anti-diabetic drugs used for diabetes mellitus type 2 that work by preventing the digestion of carbohydrates (such as starch and table sugar ). Carbohydrates are normally converted into simple sugars ( monosaccharides) by alpha-glucosidase enzymes present on cells lining the intestine, enabling ...
Diabetes medication. Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose levels in the blood. With the exception of insulin, most GLP-1 receptor agonists ( liraglutide, exenatide, and others), and pramlintide, all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic ...
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 ( DPP-4 inhibitors or gliptins) are a class of oral hypoglycemics that block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). They can be used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2 . The first agent of the class – sitagliptin – was approved by the FDA in 2006.
GLP-1 agonists were initially developed for type 2 diabetes. The 2022 American Diabetes Association standards of medical care recommend GLP-1 agonists as a first line therapy for type 2 diabetes, specifically in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or obesity. The drugs were also noted to reduce food intake and body weight ...
Semaglutide is an antidiabetic medication used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and an anti-obesity medication used for long-term weight management. [19] [20] [21] It is a peptide similar to the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), modified with a side chain. [22] [23] It can be administered by subcutaneous injection or taken orally.
4.2 million (2019) [ 9] Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels. [ 10][ 11] Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body becoming unresponsive to the hormone's effects. [ 12]
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