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Prenatal stress can increase the likelihood of maternal and endocrinological problems. Prenatal stress can even cause the embryo to arrive earlier than expected. Sandman and Davis studied "125 full- term infants at 3, 6, and 12 months of age" [8] to determine the effects of maternal cortisol timing differences on development.
When a child or adult experiences a stressor, the body will attempt to regulate the stress through releasing hormones that pass through the body. [4] However, effects of the prolonged or frequent biological stress response may increase the risk for future physical and mental health problems in early childhood. [23]
A systematic review of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal organophosphate pesticide exposure was done in 2014. The review found that "Most of the studies evaluating prenatal exposure observed a negative effect on mental development and an increase in attention problems in preschool and school children." [30]
Postnatal maternal stress, such as postpartum depression, has an enormous impact on the emotion, mental and behavioural growth of a child, hence can aggravate and intensify the impacts of maternal-foetal stress transfer. Roughly 13% of women experience at least one depressive episode during or directly after pregnancy, thus encouraging the ...
Maternal health problems include complications from childbirth that do not result in death. For every woman that dies during childbirth, approximately 20 develop infection, injury, or disability. [108] Around 75% of women who die in childbirth would be alive today if they had access to pregnancy prevention and healthcare interventions. [109]
Reilly (2017) states that stress can come from many forms of life events such as community, family, financial issues, and natural causes. While a woman is pregnant, stress from outside sources can take a toll on the growth in the womb that may affect the child's learning and relationships when born.
Many cases of diastasis recti correct themselves after birth. In cases that persist, exercise may help, but sometimes surgery is needed to improve symptoms and prevent chronic problems. [38] [39] Varicose veins-Dilation of veins in legs caused by relaxation of smooth muscle and increased intravascular pressure due to fluid volume increase. [40]
The health of a mother directly affects the fetus during pregnancy. High levels of pollution where pregnant women reside can have adverse health effects on fetuses. Previous studies have found correlations between exposure to vehicle pollutants and certain diseases such as asthma , lung and heart disease , and cancer among others.