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Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages.
A ring species is an alternative model to allopatric speciation, "illustrating how new species can arise through 'circular overlap', without interruption of gene flow through intervening populations…" [11] However, Jerry Coyne and H. Allen Orr point out that rings species more closely model parapatric speciation. [4]
Examples of speciation affecting gene flow. When gene flow is blocked by physical barriers, this results in Allopatric speciation or a geographical isolation that does not allow populations of the same species to exchange genetic material. Physical barriers to gene flow are usually, but not always, natural.
English: A simplified process of centrifugal speciation. An original population range expands and contracts, leaving an isolated fragment population behind. The central population (turned blue) evolves reproductive isolation due to restricted gene flow.
Parapatric speciation – Speciation within a population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated; Sympatric speciation – Evolution of a new species from an ancestor in the same location; Artificial speciation Animal husbandry – Management of farm animals; Plant breeding – Humans changing traits, ornamental/crops
Speciation via polyploidy: A diploid cell undergoes failed meiosis, producing diploid gametes, which self-fertilize to produce a tetraploid zygote.. Polyploidy is pervasive in plants and some estimates suggest that 30–80% of living plant species are polyploid, and many lineages show evidence of ancient polyploidy (paleopolyploidy) in their genomes.
A simplification of an allopatric speciation experiment where two lines of fruit flies are raised on maltose and starch media. Laboratory experiments of speciation have been conducted for all four modes of speciation: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric; and various other processes involving speciation: hybridization, reinforcement, founder effects, among others.
Sympatric speciation; T. Tension zone; Transmutation of species This page was last edited on 13 March 2024, at 05:40 (UTC). Text is available under the ...
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