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C 3 plants preferentially use the lighter of two isotopes of carbon in the atmosphere, 12 C, which is more readily involved in the chemical pathways involved in its fixation. Because C 4 metabolism involves a further chemical step, this effect is accentuated. Plant material can be analysed to deduce the ratio of the heavier 13 C to 12 C.
C 3 plants preferentially use the lighter of two isotopes of carbon in the atmosphere, 12 C, which is more readily involved in the chemical pathways involved in its fixation. Because C 4 metabolism involves a further chemical step, this effect is accentuated. Plant material can be analysed to deduce the ratio of the heavier 13 C to 12 C.
Photosynthesis ( / ˌfoʊtəˈsɪnθəsɪs / FOH-tə-SINTH-ə-sis) [ 1] is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.
A food web is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Ecologists can broadly define all life forms as either autotrophs or heterotrophs, based on their trophic levels, the position that they occupy in the food web.
By having two sources of profit, farmers can continue to earn money even if the market for either fish or plants goes through a low cycle. [48] The flexibility of an aquaponic system allows it to grow a large variety of crops including ordinary vegetables, herbs, flowers and aquatic plants to cater to a broad spectrum of consumers. [ 48 ]
Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta ( / pɪˈnɒfɪtə, ˈpaɪnoʊfaɪtə / ), also known as Coniferophyta ( / ˌkɒnɪfəˈrɒfɪtə, - oʊfaɪtə /) or Coniferae. The division contains a single extant class, Pinopsida.
Decomposition of plant matter occurs in many stages. It begins with leaching by water; the most easily lost and soluble carbon compounds are liberated in this process. [50] Another early process is physical breakup or fragmentation of the plant material into smaller pieces, providing greater surface area for colonization and attack by decomposers.
An Indian farmer with a rock-weighted scratch plough pulled by two oxen. Similar ploughs were used throughout antiquity. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe and included a diverse range of taxa. At least 11 separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin. [35]