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C 3 plants preferentially use the lighter of two isotopes of carbon in the atmosphere, 12 C, which is more readily involved in the chemical pathways involved in its fixation. Because C 4 metabolism involves a further chemical step, this effect is accentuated. Plant material can be analysed to deduce the ratio of the heavier 13 C to 12 C.
Photosynthesis ( / ˌfoʊtəˈsɪnθəsɪs / FOH-tə-SINTH-ə-sis) [ 1] is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.
C 3 plants preferentially use the lighter of two isotopes of carbon in the atmosphere, 12 C, which is more readily involved in the chemical pathways involved in its fixation. Because C 4 metabolism involves a further chemical step, this effect is accentuated. Plant material can be analysed to deduce the ratio of the heavier 13 C to 12 C.
A food web is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Ecologists can broadly define all life forms as either autotrophs or heterotrophs, based on their trophic levels, the position that they occupy in the food web.
As a result, the study determined that the hadrosaur diet probably consisted of leaves, and lacked the bulkier items such as twigs or stems, which might have required a different chewing method and created different wear patterns. [2] However, Purnell said these conclusions were less secure than the more conclusive evidence regarding the motion ...
Aquaponics is a food production system that couples aquaculture (raising aquatic animals such as fish, crayfish, snails or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) whereby the nutrient-rich aquaculture water is fed to hydroponically grown plants. [ 1]
Just two species of fern appear to have dominated the landscape for centuries after the event. [83] In the sediments below the K–Pg boundary the dominant plant remains are angiosperm pollen grains, but the boundary layer contains little pollen and is dominated by fern spores. [84] More usual pollen levels gradually resume above the boundary ...
Smithfield Foods hog CAFO, Unionville, Missouri, 2013. In animal husbandry, a concentrated animal feeding operation ( CAFO ), as defined by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), is an intensive animal feeding operation (AFO) in which over 1,000 animal units are confined for over 45 days a year. An animal unit is the equivalent of ...