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Central pattern generators (CPGs) are self-organizing biological neural circuits [1] [2] that produce rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input. [3] [4] [5] They are the source of the tightly-coupled patterns of neural activity that drive rhythmic and stereotyped motor behaviors like walking, swimming, breathing, or chewing.
The respiratory center is responsible for generating and maintaining the rhythm of respiration, and also of adjusting this in homeostatic response to physiological changes. The respiratory center receives input from chemoreceptors , mechanoreceptors , the cerebral cortex , and the hypothalamus in order to regulate the rate and depth of breathing.
The sigh rhythm depends on synaptic mechanisms that involve P/Q type calcium channels, suggesting there is a subset of neurons with specialized synapses for this type of rhythm generation since only a very small number of respiratory neurons receive glutamatergic inputs that depend on P/Q type calcium currents, or emphasizing the need for ...
In mammals, the Bötzinger complex (BötC) is a group of neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, and ventral respiratory column. In the medulla, this group is located caudally to the facial nucleus and ventral to nucleus ambiguus. [1] [2]
Ventilation requires periodic movements of the respiratory muscles. These muscles are controlled by a rhythm generating network in the brain stem. These neurons comprise the ventral respiratory group (VRG). Although this process is not fully understood, it is believed to be governed by a CPG and there have been several models proposed.
In addition, the center likely overlaps with the respiratory rhythm generator networks. [2] It is hence not so much a specific area, but a function within the respiration and reflex networks of the brainstem. Cough receptors project to relay neurones in the solitary nucleus, which project to other parts of the respiratory networks.
The respiratory centre in the medulla and pons of the brainstem controls the rate and depth of respiration, (the respiratory rhythm), through various inputs. These include signals from the peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors; from the vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve carrying input from the pulmonary stretch receptors ...
Feldman's early research focused on locating the central pattern generator responsible for breathing in 1986 identified the pre-Bötzinger complex. [5] The areas was so named because it was located immediately caudal to an area he had previously named the Bötzinger complex [8] in 1978 after a bottle of Bötzinger wine that was being served during dinner.