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The variable ratio schedule produces both the highest rate of responding and the greatest resistance to extinction (for example, the behavior of gamblers at slot machines). Fixed schedules produce "post-reinforcement pauses" (PRP), where responses will briefly cease immediately following reinforcement, though the pause is a function of the ...
This schedule typically generates rapid, persistent responding. Slot machines pay off on a variable ratio schedule, and they produce just this sort of persistent lever-pulling behavior in gamblers. The variable ratio payoff from slot machines and other forms of gambling has often been cited as a factor underlying gambling addiction. [63]
Variable-time schedules are similar to random ratio schedules in that there is a constant probability of reinforcement, but these reinforcers are set up in time rather than responses. The probability of no reinforcement occurring before some time t’ is an exponential function of that time with the time constant t being the average IRI of the ...
While continuous reinforcement in a fixed ratio schedule may be necessary for the initial learning stages, a variable ratio schedule is the most effective at maintaining behavior over long periods of time. [12] There are various methods animal trainers can use to prompt an animal to respond to a stimulus in a specific way.
The matching law can be applied to situations involving a single response maintained by a single schedule of reinforcement if one assumes that alternative responses are always available to an organism, maintained by uncontrolled "extraneous" reinforcers. For example, an animal pressing a lever for food might pause for a drink of water.
Variable annuities can come with a host of fees, including sales charges and administrative fees. Make sure you understand how these fees are deducted from your account and whether they’re ...
Constant Dollar Plan is a portfolio investment plan where a simple variable ratio is used for rebalancing investments. The constant ratio plan was one of the first plans devised when institutions started to invest in the stock market in the 1940s. One type of plan is called a "variable ratio plan". There are several ways of executing these plans.
Variable rates are often a better option for interest-earning products when the Fed rate is low. That’s because you’ll have a chance of earning more interest in the future if interest rates rise.