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In economics, a trough is a low turning point or a local minimum of a business cycle. The time evolution of many economics variables exhibits a wave-like behavior with local maxima (peaks) followed by local minima (troughs). A business cycle may be defined as the period between two consecutive peaks. [1] [2]
In addition to the absolute pass-through that uses incremental values (i.e., $2 cost shock causing $1 increase in price yields a 50% pass-through rate), some researchers use pass-through elasticity, where the ratio is calculated based on percentage change of price and cost (for example, with elasticity of 0.5, a 2% increase in cost yields a 1% increase in price).
The listed dates and durations are from the official chronology of the National Bureau of Economic Research. [1] The National Bureau of Economic Research dates expansions on a monthly basis. From the trough of the recession of 1945 to the late-2000s recession, there have been eleven periods of expansion, lasting an average of fifty-nine months. [1]
Exchange-rate pass-through (ERPT) is a measure of how responsive international prices are to changes in exchange rates.. Formally, exchange-rate pass-through is the elasticity of local-currency import prices with respect to the local-currency price of foreign currency.
The recession of 2020, was the shortest and steepest in U.S. history and marked the end of 128 months of expansion. Key Predictors, Indicators and Warning Signs
Which value theory holds true divides economic thinkers, and is the base for many socioeconomic and political beliefs. [11] Silvio Gesell denied value theory in economics. He thought that value theory is useless and prevents economics from becoming science and that a currency administration guided by value theory is doomed to sterility and ...
The measurement of economic worth over time is the problem of relating past prices, costs, values and proportions of social production to current ones. For a number of reasons, relating any past indicator to a current indicator of worth is theoretically and practically difficult for economists , historians , and political economists .
Source: Penn World Tables. An L-shaped recession or depression occurs when an economy has a severe recession and does not return to trend line growth [8] for many years, if ever. The steep decline, is followed by a flat line makes the shape of an L. This is the most severe of the different shapes of recession.