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The distinction between vegetation (the general appearance of a community) and flora (the taxonomic composition of a community) was first made by Jules Thurmann (1849). ). Prior to this, the two terms (vegetation and flora) were used indiscriminately, [4] [5] and still are in some co
This can cause non-native plants and pests to impact native vegetation diversity. [7] Therefore, the native vegetation may become more vulnerable to damage. [8] Another example are wildfires: if they become more intense due to climate change, this may result in more severe burn conditions and shorter burn intervals. This can threaten the ...
The clumpy nature of subalpine vegetation is also in part a manifestation of a positive interaction, whereby individuals increase their fitness by having neighbors that reduce the effects of high wind and cold temperatures. [4] Clark's nutcracker. There is a mutualistic interaction between Clark's nutcracker and two pines of the subalpine zone ...
The term was suggested in 1916 by Clements, originally as a synonym for biotic community of Möbius (1877). [4] Later, it gained its current definition, based on earlier concepts of phytophysiognomy, formation and vegetation (used in opposition to flora), with the inclusion of the animal element and the exclusion of the taxonomic element of species composition.
Analysis of social-ecological systems using the natural and social sciences and humanities (e.g. Leser; [27] Naveh; [28] [29] Zonneveld [30]): Landscape ecology is defined as an interdisciplinary super-science that explores the relationship between human societies and their specific environment, making use of not only various natural sciences ...
Applied ecology is an integrated treatment of the ecological, social, and biotechnological aspects of natural resource conservation and management. [2] Applied ecology typically focuses on geomorphology, soils, and plant communities as the underpinnings for vegetation and wildlife (both game and non-game) management.
The Society for Ecological Restoration defines restoration as "the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed." [1] Restoration ecology is the academic study of the science of restoration, whereas ecological restoration is the implementation by practitioners. [21]
Foliage and cone of the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis).. The natural vegetation consists of forests, woodlands, and shrublands.The five chief plant communities are: Xeric pine forests and woodlands: The xeric pine forests are found mainly in the drier interior, near the transition to the Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe, where rainfall averages 300 to 600 mm per year.