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4.2-kiloyear event dry, lasted most of the 22nd century BC, linked to the end of the Old Kingdom in Egypt, and the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia, various archaeological cultures in Persia and China 1800–1500: Middle Bronze Age Cold Epoch, a period of unusually cold climate in the North Atlantic region Bond Event 2
Egypt is the eighth most water stressed country in the world. Egypt receives between 20 mm (0.79 in) and 200 mm (7.87 in) of annual average precipitation along the narrow Mediterranean coast , but south from Cairo, the average drops to nearly 0 millimetres (0.00 inches) in the central and the southern part of the country.
Historical climatology is the study of historical changes in climate and their effect on civilization from the emergence of homininis to the present day. It is concerned with the reconstruction of weather and climate and their effect on historical societies, including a culturally influenced history of science and perception. [1]
Egypt is one of the countries most affected by the extreme weather conditions caused by climate change. [3] Egypt signed and ratified the Paris Agreement, as well as, submitted a nationally determined contribution (NDC) which sets priority areas as sustainability of agriculture, water resources, the environment, energy, and land management. [4]
The 4.2 ka event appears to have wettened the climate in the Alps. [37] Lake Petit saw increased precipitation during the ice-free season, evidenced by an increase in δ 18 O diatom. [38] Southern Italy, in contrast, experienced intense aridification. [37] A major decline in forests occurred in Italy as a result of the climatic perturbation. [39]
For the history of humanity's influence on the environment, and humanity's perspective on this influence, see timeline of history of environmentalism. See List of periods and events in climate history for a timeline list focused on climate.
Geochemical Climate Proxy: Ratio of Oxygen-18 to Oxygen-16 in calcite from deep sea sediment, and coral cores More Oxygen-18 = colder climatic periods Mass Spectrometer: ca 542,000,000 yrs BP Beryllium-10 Analysis Geochemical Climate Proxy: Ratio of Beryllium-10 to daughter isotopes in dust from ice cores
It was only in the 20th century that paleoclimatology became a unified scientific field. Before, different aspects of Earth's climate history were studied by a variety of disciplines. [5] At the end of the 20th century, the empirical research into Earth's ancient climates started to be combined with computer models of increasing complexity.