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The scintillator consists of a transparent crystal, usually a phosphor, plastic (usually containing anthracene) or organic liquid (see liquid scintillation counting) that fluoresces when struck by ionizing radiation. Cesium iodide (CsI) in crystalline form is used as the scintillator for the detection of protons and alpha particles.
A Geiger counter (/ ˈ ɡ aɪ ɡ ər /, GY-gər; [1] also known as a Geiger–Müller counter or G-M counter) is an electronic instrument used for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation. It is widely used in applications such as radiation dosimetry , radiological protection , experimental physics and the nuclear industry .
Alpha scintillation probe under calibration. The most commonly used hand-held survey meters are the scintillation counter, which is used in the measurement of alpha, beta and neutron particles; the Geiger counter, widely used for the measurement of alpha, beta and gamma levels; and the ion chamber, which is used for beta, gamma and X-ray measurements.
Scientists invented the Geiger counter, which measures radioactivity, while working on experiments to prove that the center of an atom contains a nucleus.
In condensed matter physics, scintillation (/ ˈ s ɪ n t ɪ l eɪ ʃ ən / SIN-til-ay-shun) is the physical process where a material, called a scintillator, emits ultraviolet or visible light under excitation from high energy photons (X-rays or gamma rays) or energetic particles (such as electrons, alpha particles, neutrons, or ions).
A scintillator (/ ˈ s ɪ n t ɪ l eɪ t ər / SIN-til-ay-ter) is a material that exhibits scintillation, the property of luminescence, [1] when excited by ionizing radiation. Luminescent materials, when struck by an incoming particle, absorb its energy and scintillate (i.e. re-emit the absorbed energy in the form of light).
Schematic of a Geiger counter using an "end window" tube for low penetration radiation. A loudspeaker is also used for indication. Proportional counters and end-window Geiger-Muller tubes have a very high efficiency for all ionising particles that reach the fill gas.
Geiger–Müller counters use an even higher electric field so that UV-photons are created. [28] These start new avalanches, eventually resulting in a total ionization of the gas around the anode wire. This makes the signal very strong, but causes a dead time after each event and makes it impossible to measure the X-ray energies. [29]
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