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An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects.
The 2024–25 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers the prime time hours from September 2024 to August 2025. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 2023–24 television season .
Here’s a quick look at all the pairings, starting in the northeast and working our way southward. Fenway Bowl - Connecticut vs. North Carolina
Ohio State will take on Western Kentucky in its second home game of the 2023 season. Here's how you can watch and stream the game.
College football's bowl season continues Wednesday with a pair of games on opposite coasts. We break down the Boca Raton Bowl and LA Bowl.
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For meta-directing groups (electron withdrawing group or EWG), σ meta and σ para are more positive than σ’. (The superscript, c, in table denotes data from Hammett, 1940. [11] [page needed]) For ortho-para directing groups (electron donating group or EDG), σ’ more positive than σ meta and σ para.