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In 1897 the town of Maidstone, England was the first to have its entire water supply treated with chlorine. [5] Permanent water chlorination began in 1905, when a faulty slow sand filter and a contaminated water supply caused a serious typhoid fever epidemic in Lincoln, England. [6] Alexander Cruickshank Houston used chlorination of the water ...
Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay, [2] and is handled differently by countries across the world. . Fluoridated water contains fluoride at a level that is proven effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fl
The economic regulator of water companies in England and Wales is the Water Services Regulation Authority (Ofwat). [3] The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) provides independent reassurance to consumers that water supplies in England and Wales are safe and that drinking water is of acceptable quality. [4]
Groundwater contributes 30 per cent of public supply water in England. In Wales and Scotland groundwater provides about five per cent of public supply. [12] The majority of the UK's abstraction of surface water is from reservoirs, where rainwater is transported via rivers and streams and contained in an artificial or natural lake until it is ...
Permanent water chlorination began in 1905, when a faulty slow sand filter and a contaminated water supply led to a serious typhoid fever epidemic in Lincoln, England. [124] Dr. Alexander Cruickshank Houston used chlorination of the water to stem the epidemic. His installation fed a concentrated solution of chloride of lime to the water being ...
Water supply and sanitation (WSS) in the European Union (EU) is the responsibility of each member state, but in the 21st century union-wide policies have come into effect. [citation needed] Water resources are limited and supply and sanitation systems are under pressure from urbanisation and climate change [citation needed].
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The chlorination of the water supply helped stop the epidemic and as a precaution, the chlorination was continued until 1911 when a new water supply was instituted. [45] Manual-control chlorinator for the liquefaction of chlorine for water purification, early 20th century. From Chlorination of Water by Joseph Race, 1918.