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A number of materials contract on heating within certain temperature ranges; this is usually called negative thermal expansion, rather than "thermal contraction".For example, the coefficient of thermal expansion of water drops to zero as it is cooled to 3.983 °C (39.169 °F) and then becomes negative below this temperature; this means that water has a maximum density at this temperature, and ...
Load due to thermal expansion of pipe; Load due to thermal movement of equipment; A pipe may experience expansion or contraction once it is subjected to temperatures higher or lower respectively as compared to temperature at which it was assembled. The secondary loads are often cyclic but not always. For example, load due to tank settlement is ...
Temperature gradients, thermal expansion or contraction and thermal shocks are things that can lead to thermal stress. This type of stress is highly dependent on the thermal expansion coefficient which varies from material to material. In general, the greater the temperature change, the higher the level of stress that can occur.
The second figure shows a typical grooved aluminium/ammonia variable conductance heat pipe (VCHP) for spacecraft thermal control. The heat pipe is an aluminium extrusion, similar to that shown in the first figure. The bottom flanged area is the evaporator. Above the evaporator, the flange is machined off to allow the adiabatic section to be bent.
For a fluid flowing in a straight circular pipe with a Reynolds number between 10,000 and 120,000 (in the turbulent pipe flow range), when the fluid's Prandtl number is between 0.7 and 120, for a location far from the pipe entrance (more than 10 pipe diameters; more than 50 diameters according to many authors [10]) or other flow disturbances ...
The laws of thermodynamics imply the following relations between these two heat capacities (Gaskell 2003:23): = = Here is the thermal expansion coefficient: = is the isothermal compressibility (the inverse of the bulk modulus):
Shrink-fitting is a technique in which an interference fit is achieved by a relative size change after assembly. This is usually achieved by heating or cooling one component before assembly and allowing it to return to the ambient temperature after assembly, employing the phenomenon of thermal expansion to make a joint.
In thermodynamics, the Volume Correction Factor (VCF), also known as Correction for the effect of Temperature on Liquid (CTL), is a standardized computed factor used to correct for the thermal expansion of fluids, primarily, liquid hydrocarbons at various temperatures and densities. [1]