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Typically in server platforms, CPUs are the PECI slaves and Platform Controller Hub (PCH) is the PECI master, meanwhile in client segment, CPU is usually the PECI slave and EC/BMC is the PECI master. PECI was introduced in 2006 with the Intel Core 2 Duo microprocessors. Support for PECI was added to the Linux kernel version 5.18 in 2022. [1]
Underclocking can also be performed on graphics card processor's GPUs, usually with the aim of reducing heat output. For instance, it is possible to set a GPU to run at lower clock rates when performing everyday tasks (e.g. internet browsing and word processing), thus allowing the card to operate at lower temperature and thus lower, quieter fan speeds.
Computer fans are widely used along with heatsink fans to reduce temperature by actively exhausting hot air. There are also other cooling techniques, such as liquid cooling. All modern day processors are designed to cut out or reduce their voltage or clock speed if the internal temperature of the processor exceeds a specified limit.
The CPU's clock speed and VCore are automatically decreased when the computer is under low load or idle, to save battery power, reduce heat and noise. The lifetime of the CPU is also extended because of reduced electromigration, which varies exponentially with temperature. [1] The technology is a concept similar to Intel's SpeedStep technology.
As a processor model's design matures, smaller transistors, lower-voltage structures, and design experience may reduce energy consumption. Processor manufacturers usually release two power consumption numbers for a CPU: typical thermal power, which is measured under normal load (for instance, AMD's average CPU power)
By modifying the processor behavior and its performance levels, power consumption of a processor can be changed altering its TDP at the same time. That way, a processor can operate at higher or lower performance levels, depending on the available cooling capacities and desired power consumption. [11]: 69–72 [12] [13]
Introduced in June 2017, they are specifically targeted for the server and embedded system markets. [1] Epyc processors share the same microarchitecture as their regular desktop-grade counterparts, but have enterprise-grade features such as higher core counts, more PCI Express lanes, support for larger amounts of RAM, and larger cache memory.
Prefetch data to all levels of the cache hierarchy. [b] PREFETCHT1 m8: 0F 18 /2: Prefetch data to all levels of the cache hierarchy except L1 cache. [b] PREFETCHT2 m8: 0F 18 /3: Prefetch data to all levels of the cache hierarchy except L1 and L2 caches. [b] SFENCE: NP 0F AE F8+x [c] Store Fence. [d] SSE2 (non-SIMD) LFENCE: NP 0F AE E8+x [c]