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Rubble masonry or rubble stone is rough, uneven building stone not laid in regular courses. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It may fill the core of a wall which is faced with unit masonry such as brick or ashlar . Some medieval cathedral walls have outer shells of ashlar with an inner backfill of mortarless rubble and dirt.
Drainage tile, graded 1":8' to daylight, is then placed at the bottom of the trench in a bed of washed stone protected by filter fabric. The trench is then filled with either screened stone (typically 1-1/2") or recycled rubble. A steel-reinforced concrete grade beam may be poured at the surface to provide ground clearance for the structure.
[1] [2] It was used to build ishi gaki (石垣), sloped stone walls which make up the foundations of many Japanese castles, such as Osaka Castle. [3] Large rocks are fitted together over a mound of earth, and the remaining cracks are filled in with pebbles. This stone fill is called kuri ishi (栗 石, chestnut stones) because of
Mortar holding weathered bricks. Mortar is a workable paste which hardens to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units, to fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, spread the weight of them evenly, and sometimes to add decorative colours or patterns to masonry walls.
In the UK, the specification for aggregate used as a subbase in the construction of driveways and roads includes MOT Type 1 Stone. The thickness of subbase can range from 75 to 100 mm (3 to 4 in) for garden paths through 100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in) for driveways and public footpaths, to 150 to 225 mm (6 to 9 in) for heavy used roads, and more for ...
Reinforced earth with gabions supporting a multilane roadway Gabions as X-ray protection during customs inspection. A gabion (from Italian gabbione meaning "big cage"; from Italian gabbia and Latin cavea meaning "cage") is a cage, cylinder or box filled with rocks, concrete, or sometimes sand and soil for use in civil engineering, road building, military applications and landscaping.
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Shallow foundations of a house versus the deep foundations of a skyscraper. Foundation with pipe fixtures coming through the sleeves. In engineering, a foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground or more rarely, water (as with floating structures), transferring loads from the structure to the ground.