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Depiction of the Arc/INFO coverage data model, a geo-relational topological vector data model based on the early POLYVRT data model. Vector data structures can also be classified by how they manage topological relationships between objects in a dataset: [22] A topological data model incorporates topological relationships as a core part of the ...
The ARC/INFO Coverage data structure (1981), a topological data model based on POLYVRT. Topology was a very early concern for GIS. The earliest vector systems, such as the Canadian Geographic Information System, did not manage topological relationships, and problems such as sliver polygons proliferated, especially in operations such as vector overlay. [9]
The ARC model or Coverage was the topological vector data structure developed by ESRI, based on earlier structures developed at Harvard such as POLYVRTbVgkq c.cf INFO was a relational database developed by Henco Software, Inc. (originally for financial management) that was licensed by ESRI.
Topological vector space. In mathematics, a topological vector space (also called a linear topological space and commonly abbreviated TVS or t.v.s.) is one of the basic structures investigated in functional analysis. A topological vector space is a vector space that is also a topological space with the property that the vector space operations ...
Topological data analysis. In applied mathematics, topological data analysis (TDA) is an approach to the analysis of datasets using techniques from topology. Extraction of information from datasets that are high-dimensional, incomplete and noisy is generally challenging. TDA provides a general framework to analyze such data in a manner that is ...
Vector overlay. Vector overlay is an operation (or class of operations) in a geographic information system (GIS) for integrating two or more vector spatial data sets. Terms such as polygon overlay, map overlay, and topological overlay are often used synonymously, although they are not identical in the range of operations they include.
TIGER logo. Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing, or TIGER, or TIGER/Line is a format used by the United States Census Bureau to describe physical and cultural features such as roads, highways, city limits, rivers, and lakes, as well as areas such as census tracts. TIGER was developed to support and improve the Bureau's ...
GRASS supports raster and vector data in two and three dimensions. The vector data model is topological, meaning that areas are defined by boundaries and centroids; boundaries cannot overlap within one layer. In contrast, OpenGIS Simple Features, defines vectors more freely, much as a non-georeferenced vector illustration program does.