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Illustration of the partial payout of Sum Insured against probability of occurrence. Condition of average (also called underinsurance [1] in the U.S., or principle of average, [2] subject to average, [3] or pro rata condition of average [4] in Commonwealth countries) is the insurance term used when calculating a payout against a claim where the policy undervalues the sum insured.
A form of what is now called general average was included in the Lex Rhodia, the Rhodes Maritime Code of c. 800 BC. [4] Julius Paulus quoted from the law around the turn of the 3rd century, and these quotes are preserved, and an excerpt is included in Justinian's 6th-century Digest of Justinian (part of the Corpus Juris Civilis), although the Lex Rhodia is itself now lost.
Marine insurance traditionally formed the majority of business underwritten at Lloyd's. Nowadays, Marine insurance is often grouped with Aviation and Transit (cargo) risks, and in this form is known by the acronym 'MAT'. It is common for marine insurance agencies to compete with the offerings provided by local insurers.
Under this plan, the current year's premium is based partially (or wholly) on the current year's losses, although the premium adjustments may take months or years beyond the current year's expiration date. The rating formula is guaranteed in the insurance contract. Formula: retrospective premium = converted loss + basic premium × tax multiplier.
In credibility theory, a branch of study in actuarial science, the Bühlmann model is a random effects model (or "variance components model" or hierarchical linear model) used to determine the appropriate premium for a group of insurance contracts. The model is named after Hans Bühlmann who first published a description in 1967.
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Loss reserving is the calculation of the required reserves for a tranche of insurance business, [1] including outstanding claims reserves.. Typically, the claims reserves represent the money which should be held by the insurer so as to be able to meet all future claims arising from policies currently in force and policies written in the past.
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