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  2. Gas thermometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_thermometer

    The constant volume gas thermometer plays a crucial role in understanding how absolute zero could be discovered long before the advent of cryogenics. Consider a graph of pressure versus temperature made not far from standard conditions (well above absolute zero) for three different samples of any ideal gas (a, b, c).

  3. Temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

    Plots of pressure vs temperature for three different gas samples extrapolated to absolute zero. The ideal gas law is based on observed empirical relationships between pressure (p), volume (V), and temperature (T), and was recognized long before the kinetic theory of gases was developed (see Boyle's and Charles's laws). The ideal gas law states ...

  4. Hagedorn temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagedorn_temperature

    The Hagedorn temperature was discovered by German physicist Rolf Hagedorn in the 1960s while working at CERN. His work on the statistical bootstrap model of hadron production showed that because increases in energy in a system will cause new particles to be produced, an increase of collision energy will increase the entropy of the system rather than the temperature, and "the temperature ...

  5. Pressure measurement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_measurement

    Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure. A tire pressure gauge is an example of gauge pressure measurement; when it indicates zero, then the pressure it is measuring is the same as the ambient pressure.

  6. Third law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics

    The entropy of a closed system, determined relative to this zero point, is then the absolute entropy of that system. Mathematically, the absolute entropy of any system at zero temperature is the natural log of the number of ground states times the Boltzmann constant k B = 1.38 × 10 −23 J K −1 .

  7. 50 People Who Got Annoyed At Their Pets, But Then ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/pet-annoys-then-remember-m-020007506...

    Image credits: nani.mtz For many owners, having a pet is somewhat like having a child. You love your furry little friend unconditionally, and you are responsible for their wellbeing.

  8. Kelvin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin

    In 1954, with absolute zero having been experimentally determined to be about −273.15 °C per the definition of °C then in use, Resolution 3 of the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) introduced a new internationally standardized Kelvin scale which defined the triple point as exactly 273.15 + 0.01 = 273.16 degrees Kelvin.

  9. Absolute zero - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero

    One model that estimates the properties of an electron gas at absolute zero in metals is the Fermi gas. The electrons, being fermions, must be in different quantum states, which leads the electrons to get very high typical velocities, even at absolute zero. The maximum energy that electrons can have at absolute zero is called the Fermi energy ...

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