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IA-64 (Intel Itanium architecture) is the instruction set architecture (ISA) of the discontinued Itanium family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors. The basic ISA specification originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP), and was subsequently implemented by Intel in collaboration with HP. The first Itanium processor, codenamed Merced, was released in 2001.
The Intel Model-Specific Registers (MSRs) are described in-depth in the Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 4; the link to the Intel reference manuals (PDFs) download page (which includes Vol 4):
Intel's second generation of 32-bit x86 processors, introduced built-in floating point unit (FPU), 8 KB on-chip L1 cache, and pipelining. Faster per MHz than the 386. Small number of new instructions. P5 original Pentium microprocessors, first x86 processor with super-scalar architecture and branch prediction. P6
According to Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual from May 2020, Volume 1, Chapter 2.5 Intel Instruction Set Architecture And Features Removed, [18] HLE has been removed from Intel products released in 2019 and later. RTM is not documented as removed.
An instruction set architecture (ISA) is an abstract model of a computer, also referred to as computer architecture.A realization of an ISA is called an implementation.An ISA permits multiple implementations that may vary in performance, physical size, and monetary cost (among other things); because the ISA serves as the interface between software and hardware.
Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 3A:System Programming Guide, Part 1 (see CHAPTER 5, INTERRUPT AND EXCEPTION HANDLING and CHAPTER 10, ADVANCED PROGRAMMABLE INTERRUPT CONTROLLER)] Interrupt Descriptor Table at OSDev.org
Intel 5-level paging, referred to simply as 5-level paging in Intel documents, is a processor extension for the x86-64 line of processors. [ 1 ] : 11 It extends the size of virtual addresses from 48 bits to 57 bits by adding an additional level to x86-64's multilevel page tables , increasing the addressable virtual memory from 256 TiB to 128 PiB .
See Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual. 23: CET: Control-flow Enforcement Technology: If set, enables control-flow enforcement technology. [16]: 2–19 24: PKS: Enable Protection Keys for Supervisor-Mode Pages: If set, each supervisor-mode linear address is associated with a protection key when 4-level or 5-level ...