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Components of some Linux desktop environments that are daemons include D-Bus, NetworkManager (here called unetwork), PulseAudio (usound), and Avahi.. In multitasking computer operating systems, a daemon (/ ˈ d iː m ən / or / ˈ d eɪ m ən /) [1] is a computer program that runs as a background process, rather than being under the direct control of an interactive user.
The magic SysRq key is a key combination understood by the Linux kernel, which allows the user to perform various low-level commands regardless of the system's state. It is often used to recover from freezes, or to reboot a computer without corrupting the filesystem. [1]
The init system is the first daemon to start (during booting) and the last daemon to terminate (during shutdown). Historically this was the "SysV init", which was just called "init". More recent Linux distributions are likely to use one of the more modern alternatives such as systemd. Below is a summary of the main init processes:
systemd is the first daemon to start during booting and the last daemon to terminate during shutdown. The systemd daemon serves as the root of the user space's process tree; the first process (PID 1) has a special role on Unix systems, as it replaces the parent of a process when the original parent terminates. Therefore, the first process is ...
Web server daemon. inetd [4] Listens for network connection requests. If a request is accepted, it can launch a background daemon to handle the request, was known as the super server for this reason. Some systems use the replacement command xinetd. lpd: The line printer daemon that manages printer spooling. nfsd [3]
D-Bus (short for "Desktop Bus" [4]) is a message-oriented middleware mechanism that allows communication between multiple processes running concurrently on the same machine. [5] [6] D-Bus was developed as part of the freedesktop.org project, initiated by GNOME developer Havoc Pennington to standardize services provided by Linux desktop environments such as GNOME and KDE.
A runlevel defines the state of the machine after boot. Different runlevels are typically assigned (not necessarily in any particular order) to the single-user mode, multi-user mode without network services started, multi-user mode with network services started, system shutdown, and system reboot system states.
NetworkManager is a daemon that sits on top of libudev and other Linux kernel interfaces (and a couple of other daemons) and provides a high-level interface for the configuration of the network interfaces.