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Summation, which includes both spatial summation and temporal summation, is the process that determines whether or not an action potential will be generated by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals, both from multiple simultaneous inputs (spatial summation), and from repeated inputs (temporal summation).
The two ways that synaptic potentials can add up to potentially form an action potential are spatial summation and temporal summation. [5] Spatial summation refers to several excitatory stimuli from different synapses converging on the same postsynaptic neuron at the same time to reach the threshold needed to reach an action potential.
The greater the value of the length constant, the further the potential will travel. A large length constant can contribute to spatial summation—the electrical addition of one potential with potentials from adjacent areas of the cell. The length constant can be defined as: = +
Examples of graded potentials. Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary according to the size of the stimulus, as opposed to being all-or-none.They include diverse potentials such as receptor potentials, electrotonic potentials, subthreshold membrane potential oscillations, slow-wave potential, pacemaker potentials, and synaptic potentials.
Binocular summation is the process by which the detection threshold for a stimulus is lower with two eyes than with one. [15] There are various types of possibilities when comparing binocular performance to monocular. [15] Neural binocular summation occurs when the binocular response is greater than the probability summation.
In biology, the sigma receptor (σ–receptors) is a type of cell surface receptor. In biochemistry, the σ factor (or specificity factor) is a protein found in RNA polymerase. In bone physiology, the bone remodeling period—i.e., the life span of a basic multicellular unit—has historically been referred to as the sigma period.
Retinal summation describes the relationship between different types of cells in the retina: cone photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells.With high retinal summation, a large number of photoreceptor cells converge on a smaller number of bipolar cells in transferring their signals to ganglion cells.
Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by the naked eye. [1] Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes , which includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues), [ 1 ] and cytology ...