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This typically clears particles from the bronchi and trachea, the tubes that feed air to lung tissue from the nose and mouth. [1] The larynx (voice box) and carina (at the bottom of the trachea, as it splits into bronchi) are especially sensitive. Cough receptors in the surface cells of the respiratory tract are also sensitive to chemicals.
A cough is a sudden expulsion of air through the large breathing passages which can help clear them of fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes.As a protective reflex, coughing can be repetitive with the cough reflex following three phases: an inhalation, a forced exhalation against a closed glottis, and a violent release of air from the lungs following opening of the glottis, usually ...
The Hering-Breuer reflex that terminates inhalation to prevent over inflation of the lungs, and the reflex responses of coughing, airway constriction, and hyperventilation. The upper airway receptors are responsible for reflex responses such as, sneezing, coughing, closure of glottis, and hiccups.
The symptoms include poor balance and difficulty walking. Chronic cough and difficulty swallowing may also be present. Clinical findings include ataxia, sensory neuropathy, and absence of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. The syndrome was initially described in 2004. [1] In 2019, the cause was identified as biallelic pentanucleotide expansion in the ...
The exact location and functionality of the cough center has remained somewhat elusive: while Johannes Peter Müller observed in 1838 that the medulla coordinates the cough reflex, investigating it has been slow because the usual anaesthetics for experimental animals were morphine or opiates, drugs which strongly inhibit cough.
Knee jerk or patellar reflex — a kick caused by striking the patellar tendon with a tendon hammer just below the patella, stimulating the L4 and L3 reflex arcs. Moro reflex , a primitive reflex — only in all infants up to 4 or 5 months of age: a sudden symmetric spreading of the arms, then unspreading and crying, caused by an unexpected ...
Airway clearance therapy is treatment that uses a number of airway clearance techniques to clear the respiratory airways of mucus and other secretions. [1] Several respiratory diseases cause the normal mucociliary clearance mechanism to become impaired resulting in a build-up of mucus which obstructs breathing, and also affects the cough reflex.
The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem.The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of neurons, two in the medulla and one in the pons.