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2. Syntax - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax

   In linguistics, syntax (/ ˈ s ɪ n t æ k s / SIN-taks) [1] [2] is the study of how words and morphemes combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences.Central concerns of syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), [3] agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning ().

3. Scope (formal semantics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_(formal_semantics)

   The scope of an operator need not correspond directly to the word order of the sentence it occurs in. For instance, some sentences display a scope ambiguity in that the relative scopes of two operators can be construed in multiple ways. [1] [2] Every hedgehog is friends with a giraffe. This sentence can be understood in two ways.

4. Morphology (linguistics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)

   Lexeme-based morphology usually takes what is called an item-and-process approach. Instead of analyzing a word form as a set of morphemes arranged in sequence, a word form is said to be the result of applying rules that alter a word-form or stem in order to produce a new one.

5. Syntax–semantics interface - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax–Semantics_Interface

   At logical form, semantic relationships such as scope and binding are represented unambiguously, having been determined by syntactic operations such as quantifier raising. Other formal frameworks take the opposite approach, assuming that such relationships are established by the rules of semantic interpretation themselves.

6. Grammar - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar

   The formal study of grammar is an important part of children's schooling from a young age through advanced learning, though the rules taught in schools are not a "grammar" in the sense that most linguists use, particularly as they are prescriptive in intent rather than descriptive.

7. Sentence clause structure - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_clause_structure

   This clause pattern is a derivative of S+V+O, transforming the object of a preposition into an indirect object of the verb, as the example sentence in transformational grammar is actually "She made a pie for me". Subject + Verb (transitive) + Object + Object Complement Example: They made him happy.

8. Phrase structure rules - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_structure_rules

   A grammar that uses phrase structure rules is a type of phrase structure grammar. Phrase structure rules as they are commonly employed operate according to the constituency relation, and a grammar that employs phrase structure rules is therefore a constituency grammar ; as such, it stands in contrast to dependency grammars , which are based on ...

9. Chomsky hierarchy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy

   A formal grammar describes how to form strings from a language's vocabulary (or alphabet) that are valid according to the language's syntax. The linguist Noam Chomsky theorized that four different classes of formal grammars existed that could generate increasingly complex languages. Each class can also completely generate the language of all ...