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An adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention, such as surgery. [1] An adverse effect may be termed a " side effect ", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect .
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. [1] Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity).
Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure [1] or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours). [ 2 ] To be described as acute toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.
Because of the complexity of ecosystems, deliberate changes to an ecosystem or other environmental interventions will often have (usually negative) unintended consequences. Sometimes, these effects cause permanent irreversible changes. Examples include: Chinese poster encouraging children to attack sparrows.
Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen (O 2) at increased partial pressures.Severe cases can result in cell damage and death, with effects most often seen in the central nervous system, lungs, and eyes.
Therapeutic effect refers to the response(s) after a treatment of any kind, the results of which are judged to be useful or favorable. [1] [2] [3] This is true whether the result was expected, unexpected, or even an unintended consequence. An adverse effect (including nocebo) is the converse
Woodruff, who has studied the effect of some chemicals found in plastics on human health, reproduction, and development for two decades, first started looking into microplastics in 2021.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 7 January 2025. Circumstances, mechanisms, and factors of tobacco consumption on human health "Health effects of smoking" and "Dangers of smoking" redirect here. For cannabis, see Effects of cannabis. For smoking crack cocaine, see Crack cocaine § Health issues. "Smoking and health" redirects here. For ...