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In real estate investing, the cash-on-cash return [1] is the ratio of annual before-tax cash flow to the total amount of cash invested, expressed as a percentage. = The cash-on-cash return, or "cash yield", is often used to evaluate the cash flow from income-producing assets, such as a rental property.
where h f is the head loss due to friction, calculated from: the ratio of the length to diameter of the pipe L/D, the velocity of the flow V, and two empirical factors a and b to account for friction. This equation has been supplanted in modern hydraulics by the Darcy–Weisbach equation, which used it as a starting point.
The head loss Δh (or h f) expresses the pressure loss due to friction in terms of the equivalent height of a column of the working fluid, so the pressure drop is =, where: Δh = The head loss due to pipe friction over the given length of pipe (SI units: m); [b]
After both minor losses and friction losses have been calculated, these values can be summed to find the total head loss. Equation for total head loss, , can be simplified and rewritten as: = [() + (,)] [5] = Frictional head loss = Downstream velocity = Gravity of Earth
The classical formula for the present value of a series of n fixed monthly payments amount x invested at a monthly interest rate i% is: = ((+))The formula may be re-arranged to determine the monthly payment x on a loan of amount P 0 taken out for a period of n months at a monthly interest rate of i%:
The formula for EMI (in arrears) is: [2] = (+) or, equivalently, = (+) (+) Where: P is the principal amount borrowed, A is the periodic amortization payment, r is the annual interest rate divided by 100 (annual interest rate also divided by 12 in case of monthly installments), and n is the total number of payments (for a 30-year loan with monthly payments n = 30 × 12 = 360).
The fixed monthly payment for a fixed rate mortgage is the amount paid by the borrower every month that ensures that the loan is paid off in full with interest at the end of its term. The monthly payment formula is based on the annuity formula. The monthly payment c depends upon: r - the monthly interest rate. Since the quoted yearly percentage ...
Approximate cost to own mortgaged property vs. renting. An approximate formula for the monthly cost of owning a home is obtained by computing the monthly mortgage, property tax, and maintenance costs, accounting for the U.S. tax deduction available for mortgage interest payments and property taxes.