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A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design [1] on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the last two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in its whole consists of a shield, supporters, a crest, and a motto.
The use of the crest and torse independently from the rest of the achievement, a practice which became common in the era of paper heraldry, has led the term "crest" to be frequently but erroneously used to refer to the arms displayed on the shield, or to the achievement as a whole.
English heraldry is the form of coats of arms and other heraldic bearings and insignia used in England.It lies within the so-called Gallo-British tradition.Coats of arms in England are regulated and granted to individuals by the English kings of arms of the College of Arms.
The anthropomorphic sun (with eyes and nose visible) and clouds on the crest represent "learning piercing the clouds of ignorance", while the cross is believed to be a Saint George's Cross. [3] The four open books adorning the escutcheon symbolize learning, and are rumored to represent Harvard , Yale , Cambridge and Oxford –four institutional ...
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To change this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used: {{Coats of arms of the United Kingdom | state = collapsed}} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar. {{Coats of arms of the United Kingdom | state = expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.
Personal seals of bishops and abbots continued to be used posthumously, and gradually became the impersonal seals of dioceses. [3] Clergy tended to replace martial devices with clerical devices. The shield was retained, but helmets and coronets were replaced by ecclesiastical hats; in some religious arms a skull replaced the helmet.