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Birth defects associated with prenatal exposure to alcohol can occur in the first three to eight weeks of pregnancy before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. [13] Diethylstilbestrol (DES) cervix. The cockscomb, collar, and pseudopolyp of cervix. Cockscomb (hoods) are markedly enlarged folds of cervical stroma and epithelium .
Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the unborn baby and may cause pre-term birth, birth defects such as cleft lip or cleft palate, or miscarriage. [ 93 ] [ 80 ] Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among pregnant women, at 25%.
Sertraline taken during pregnancy is associated with an increase in congenital heart defects in newborns. [14] [15] Sertraline was developed by scientists at Pfizer and approved for medical use in the United States in 1991. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines [16] and available as a generic medication. [10]
A new Canadian study suggests that women who take antidepressants during pregnancy may be more likely to give birth to children with autism.
Opioids can cross both the placental and blood-brain barriers, which poses risks to fetuses and newborns exposed to these drugs before birth. This exposure to opioids during pregnancy can lead to potential obstetric complications, including spontaneous abortion, abruption of the placenta, pre-eclampsia, prelabor rupture of membranes, and fetal death.
The CDC and National Birth Defect Project studied the incidence of birth defects in the US. Key findings include: [ citation needed ] Down syndrome was the most common condition with an estimated prevalence of 14.47 per 10,000 live births, implying about 6,000 diagnoses each year.
Neonatal withdrawal syndrome was first noticed in 1973 in newborns of mothers taking antidepressants; symptoms in the infant include irritability, rapid breathing, hypothermia, and blood sugar problems. The symptoms usually develop from birth to days after delivery and usually resolve within days or weeks of delivery. [29]
Primary infertility indicates that a person has never been able to achieve pregnancy while secondary inferility is defined as a person having at least one pregnancy before. [5] As many as 20% of couples experience infertility. [4] Infertility may be caused by an issue along any part of the process of fertilizing an egg through birth of the child.