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2. Punnett square - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square

   The example below assesses another double-heterozygote cross using RrYy x RrYy. As stated above, the phenotypic ratio is expected to be 9:3:3:1 if crossing unlinked genes from two double-heterozygotes. The genotypic ratio was obtained in the diagram below, this diagram will have more branches than if only analyzing for phenotypic ratio.

3. Three-point cross - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_cross

   In genetics, a three-point cross is used to determine the loci of three genes in an organism's genome.. An individual heterozygous for three mutations is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual, and the phenotypes of the progeny are scored.

4. Test cross - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cross

   When conducting a dihybrid test cross, two dominant phenotypic characteristics are selected and crossed with parents displaying double recessive traits. The phenotypic characteristics of the F1 generation are then analyzed. In such a test cross, if the individual being tested is heterozygous, a phenotypic ratio of 1:1:1:1 is typically observed. [7]

5. Cross-ratio - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-ratio

   The point D is the harmonic conjugate of C with respect to A and B precisely if the cross-ratio of the quadruple is −1, called the harmonic ratio. The cross-ratio can therefore be regarded as measuring the quadruple's deviation from this ratio; hence the name anharmonic ratio. The cross-ratio is preserved by linear fractional transformations.

6. Coefficient of coincidence - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_coincidence

   When three genetic markers, a, b and c, are all nearby (e.g. within the same gene) the coefficient of coincidence (calculated as in the above example) is generally found to be significantly greater than 1.

7. Dihybrid cross - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihybrid_cross

   The idea of a dihybrid cross came from Gregor Mendel when he observed pea plants that were either yellow or green and either round or wrinkled. Crossing of two heterozygous individuals will result in predictable ratios for both genotype and phenotype in the offspring. The expected phenotypic ratio of crossing heterozygous parents would be 9:3:3 ...