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Interest in preon models peaked in the 1980s but has slowed, as the Standard Model of particle physics continues to describe physics mostly successfully, and no direct experimental evidence for lepton and quark compositeness has been found. Preons come in four varieties: plus, anti-plus, zero, and anti-zero.
Preons were suggested as subparticles of quarks and leptons, but modern collider experiments have all but ruled out their existence. Rishons, particles from the Rishon model of preons. Strangelet, hypothetical particle that could form matter consisting of strange quarks. R-hadron, bound particle of a quark and a supersymmetric particle.
The Harari–Shupe preon model (also known as rishon model, RM) is the earliest effort to develop a preon model to explain the phenomena appearing in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. [1] It was first developed independently by Haim Harari and by Michael A. Shupe [2] and later expanded by Harari and his then-student Nathan Seiberg. [3]
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. [1] The Standard Model presently recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons .
This also means it is the first elementary scalar particle discovered in nature. Elementary bosons responsible for the four fundamental forces of nature are called force particles ( gauge bosons ). The strong interaction is mediated by the gluon , the weak interaction is mediated by the W and Z bosons, electromagnetism by the photon, and ...
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This second-generation particle is the third-most-massive quark, with a mass of 1.27 ± 0.02 GeV/c 2 as measured in 2022, and a charge of + 2 / 3 e. The existence of the charm quark was first predicted by James Bjorken and Sheldon Glashow in 1964, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and in 1970, Glashow, John Iliopoulos , and Luciano Maiani showed how ...