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The molecular transfer equations of Newton's law for fluid momentum, Fourier's law for heat, and Fick's law for mass are very similar. One can convert from one transport coefficient to another in order to compare all three different transport phenomena. [8]
Crystalline solids and molecular solids are two opposite extreme cases of materials that exhibit substantially different transport mechanisms. While in atomic solids transport is intra-molecular, also known as band transport, in molecular solids the transport is inter-molecular, also known as hopping transport.
where: is the rate of change of the energy density in the volume. ∇•S is the energy flow out of the volume, given by the divergence of the Poynting vector S. J•E is the rate at which the fields do work on charges in the volume (J is the current density corresponding to the motion of charge, E is the electric field, and • is the dot product).
The abscissa is the transferred amount of charge Δe or the induced polarization P, the ordinate the Gibbs free energy. ΔG(0) ‡ = λ o /4 is the reorganization energy at Δe = 0.5, it corresponds to the activation energy of the self-exchange reaction. Of course, in this classical model the transfer of any arbitrary amount of charge Δe is ...
Allylic shifts become the dominant reaction pathway when there is substantial resistance to a normal (non-allylic) substitution. For nucleophilic substitution, such resistance is known when there is substantial steric hindrance at or around the leaving group, or if there is a geminal substituent destabilizing an accumulation of positive charge.
An intermediate case between Frenkel and Wannier excitons is the charge-transfer (CT) exciton. In molecular physics, CT excitons form when the electron and the hole occupy adjacent molecules. [ 18 ] They occur primarily in organic and molecular crystals; [ 19 ] in this case, unlike Frenkel and Wannier excitons, CT excitons display a static ...
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Charge-transfer may refer to: Intervalence charge transfer; Charge-transfer complex; Charge transfer band (absorption band) Charge-exchange ionization, a form of gas ...