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The air pollution in downtown Cairo is more than 10 to 100 times of acceptable world standards. [8] Cairo has a poor factor because of lack of rain and its layout of tall buildings and narrow streets, which create a bowl effect (bad ventilation and consequent trapping of pollutants). The main air pollution problem in Egypt is particulate matter.
Underground coal gasification (UCG) is an industrial gasification process, which is carried out in non-mined coal seams. It involves injection of a gaseous oxidizing agent , usually oxygen or air, and bringing the resulting product gas to the surface through production wells drilled from the surface.
Coal pollution mitigation is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate health and environmental impact of burning coal for energy. Burning coal releases harmful substances that contribute to air pollution, acid rain , and greenhouse gas emissions.
Typically coal liquefaction processes are associated with significant CO 2 emissions from the gasification process or as well as from generation of necessary process heat and electricity inputs to the liquefaction reactors, [10] thus releasing greenhouse gases that can contribute to anthropogenic global warming.
Syngas is produced by steam reforming or partial oxidation of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons, or coal gasification. [6] C + H 2 O → CO + H 2 [1] CO + H 2 O → CO 2 + H 2 [1] C + CO 2 → 2CO [1] Steam reforming of methane is an endothermic reaction requiring 206 kJ/mol of methane: CH 4 + H 2 O → CO + 3 H 2
In 2008 the World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations calculated that coal particulates pollution cause approximately one million deaths annually across the world, [29] which is approximately one third of all premature deaths related to all air pollution sources, [50] for example in Istanbul by lung diseases and cancer. [51]
The underground coal gasification process. Underground coal gasification converts coal to gas while still in the coal seam (in-situ). Gas is produced and extracted through wells drilled into the unmined coal seam. Injection wells are used to supply the oxidants (air, oxygen) and steam to ignite and fuel the underground combustion process ...
In Egypt, 39% of installed gas and 7% of oil power plant capacity are in low-elevation areas that are vulnerable to this threat. [12] Alexandria , the second largest city in Egypt with a population of 5 million people, and the Nile Delta region are among the world's most vulnerable areas to climate change.