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Rumba clave is the key pattern used in Cuban rumba. The use of the triple-pulse form of the rumba clave in Cuba can be traced back to the iron bell ( ekón ) part in abakuá music. The form of rumba known as columbia is culturally and musically connected with abakuá which is an Afro Cuban cabildo that descends from the Kalabari of Cameroon.
The bolero-son: long-time favourite dance music in Cuba, captured abroad under the misnomer 'rumba'. The bolero-mambo in which slow and beautiful lyrics were added to the sophisticated big-band arrangements of the mambo. The bolero-cha, 1950s derivative with a chachachá rhythm. The bachata, a Dominican derivative developed in the 1960s.
Arrangements were made for piano solo and piano duet (two people playing at one piano), and later, Ravel arranged a version for two pianos, published in 1930. The first recording was made by Piero Coppola for the Gramophone Company on 13 January 1930. [8] Ravel attended the recording session. [9]
Buddy Bolden, the first known jazz musician, is credited with creating the big four, a tresillo/habanera-based pattern. The big four was the first syncopated bass drum pattern to deviate from the standard on-the-beat march. [27] As the example below shows, the second half of the big four pattern is the habanera rhythm. [28]
Typical was the introduction of syncopation, leading to the bolero-moruno, bolero-beguine, bolero-mambo, and bolero-cha. The bolero-son became for several decades the most popular rhythm for dancing in Cuba, and it was this rhythm that the international dance community picked up and taught as the wrongly named 'rumba'.
Rumba instrumentation has varied historically depending on the style and the availability of the instruments. The core instruments of any rumba ensemble are the claves, two hard wooden sticks that are struck against each other, and the conga drums: quinto (lead drum, highest-pitched), tres dos (middle-pitched), and tumba or salidor (lowest-pitched).
Songo is a genre of popular Cuban music, created by the group Los Van Van in the early 1970s. Songo incorporated rhythmic elements from folkloric rumba into popular dance music, and was a significant departure from the son montuno/mambo-based structure which had dominated popular music in Cuba since the 1940s.
When followed by four unsyncopated eighth notes, it is known as the baqueteo. Like the clave, this forms a pair of measures, syncopated and unsyncopated. The baqueteo is in fact, is an embellishment of clave, as it contains all of that key pattern's strokes. The baqueteo is shown below with both cells contained within a single measure.
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