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In Sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence rate of detectable cryptococcal antigen in peripheral blood is often 4–12% in persons with CD4 counts lower than 100 cells/mcL. [37] [38] Cryptococcal antigen screen and preemptive treatment with fluconazole is cost-saving to the healthcare system by avoiding cryptococcal meningitis. [39]
The hook effect refers to the prozone phenomenon, also known as antibody excess, or the postzone phenomenon, also known as antigen excess. It is an immunologic phenomenon whereby the effectiveness of antibodies to form immune complexes can be impaired when concentrations of an antibody or an antigen are very high.
Cryptococcal antigen from cerebrospinal fluid is thought to be the best test for diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis in terms of sensitivity, though it might be unreliable in HIV-positive patients. [12] The first genome sequence for a strain of C. neoformans (var. neoformans; now C. deneoformans) was published in 2005. [5]
Cryptococcus gattii, formerly known as Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, is an encapsulated yeast found primarily in tropical and subtropical climates. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella bacillispora , a filamentous fungus belonging to the class Tremellomycetes .
Cultured colonies are cream to pale pink, the majority smooth with a mucoid appearance. Some are rough and wrinkled, but this is a rare occurrence. [3] Naganishia albida is very similar to Cryptococcus neoformans, but can be differentiated because it is phenol oxidase-negative, and, when grown on Niger or birdseed agar, C. neoformans produces melanin, causing the cells to become brown, while N ...
CD2 is a specific marker for T cells and NK cells, and can therefore be used in immunohistochemistry to identify the presence of such cells in tissue sections. The great majority of T cell lymphomas and leukaemias also express CD2, making it possible to use the presence of the antigen to distinguish these conditions from B cell neoplasms.
The chemical composition and pH value of the buffer solution also contribute to the effectiveness of heat-induced antigen retrieval. [1] Thus, the AR-immunohistochemistry protocol must be optimized for each tissue type, fixation method, and antigen using a "test battery" to maximize antigen recovery in formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections. [1]
ICAM-1 is a ligand for LFA-1 , a receptor found on leukocytes. [9] When activated, leukocytes bind to endothelial cells via ICAM-1/ LFA-1 and then transmigrate into tissues. [ 10 ] LFA-1 has also been found in a soluble form, [ 11 ] which seems to bind and block ICAM-1.