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  2. Benford's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford's_law

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 17 January 2025. Observation that in many real-life datasets, the leading digit is likely to be small For the unrelated adage, see Benford's law of controversy. The distribution of first digits, according to Benford's law. Each bar represents a digit, and the height of the bar is the percentage of ...

  3. Monty Hall problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem

    If the car is behind door 1, the host can open either door 2 or door 3, so the probability that the car is behind door 1 and the host opens door 3 is ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠ × ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ = ⁠ 1 / 6 ⁠. If the car is behind door 2 – with the player having picked door 1 – the host must open door 3, such the probability that the car is behind door ...

  4. Condorcet's jury theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condorcet's_jury_theorem

    Now suppose we send in the two extra voters. The probability that they change an incorrect majority to a correct majority is (1-p)p 2, while the probability that they change a correct majority to an incorrect majority is p(1-p) 2. The first of these probabilities is greater than the second if and only if p > 1/2, proving the theorem.

  5. Monte Carlo algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_carlo_algorithm

    Thus, if the number is prime then the answer is always correct, and if the number is composite then the answer is correct with probability at least 1−(112) k = 12 −k. For Monte Carlo decision algorithms with two-sided error, the failure probability may again be reduced by running the algorithm k times and returning the majority ...

  6. Convolution of probability distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution_of_probability...

    The probability distribution of the sum of two or more independent random variables is the convolution of their individual distributions. The term is motivated by the fact that the probability mass function or probability density function of a sum of independent random variables is the convolution of their corresponding probability mass functions or probability density functions respectively.

  7. Probabilistic method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_method

    Let n be very large and consider a random graph G on n vertices, where every edge in G exists with probability p = n 1/g −1. We show that with positive probability, G satisfies the following two properties: Property 1. G contains at most n/2 cycles of length less than g. Proof. Let X be the number cycles of length less than g.

  8. Algebra of random variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra_of_random_variables

    The measurable space and the probability measure arise from the random variables and expectations by means of well-known representation theorems of analysis. One of the important features of the algebraic approach is that apparently infinite-dimensional probability distributions are not harder to formalize than finite-dimensional ones.

  9. Lottery mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery_mathematics

    So there is now a 1 in 48 chance of predicting this number. Thus for each of the 49 ways of choosing the first number there are 48 different ways of choosing the second. This means that the probability of correctly predicting 2 numbers drawn from 49 in the correct order is calculated as 1 in 49 × 48. On drawing the third number there are only ...