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The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between nodes on a network segment across the physical layer . [ 2 ]
The model allows transparent communication through equivalent exchange of protocol data units (PDUs) between two parties, through what is known as peer-to-peer networking (also known as peer-to-peer communication). As a result, the OSI reference model has not only become an important piece among professionals and non-professionals alike, but ...
The physical layer defines the means of transmitting a stream of raw bits [2] over a physical data link connecting network nodes.The bitstream may be grouped into code words or symbols and converted to a physical signal that is transmitted over a transmission medium.
The protocols in use today in this layer for the Internet all originated in the development of TCP/IP. In the OSI model the transport layer is often referred to as Layer 4, or L4, [2] while numbered layers are not used in TCP/IP. The best-known transport protocol of the Internet protocol suite is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
Middleware gained popularity in the 1980s as a solution to the problem of how to link newer applications to older legacy systems, although the term had been in use since 1968. [2] It also facilitated distributed processing , the connection of multiple applications to create a larger application, usually over a network.
Structural communication was developed in the 1960s by John G. Bennett and his research team to simulate the structure and quality of a small group tutorial through automated means. It provides access to high level learning for many students without much supervision.
Some examples of one-way communication are radio or television programs and listening to policy statements from top executives. Two-way communication is especially significant in that it enables feedback to improve a situation. [2] Two-way communication involves feedback from the receiver to the sender.
Unit Unit shorthand K: Central Flying School: CFS K: No. 1 Flying Training School RAF: 1 FTS K1 'K' Flight No. 1 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF 'K' Flt 1 AACU K2: No. 2 Group Communication Flight RAF: 2 Gp Comm Flt K5: Station Flight RAF Pocklington: K7: No. 236 Operational Conversion Unit RAF: 236 OCU K7: No. 6 Operational Training Unit ...