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  2. Water clock - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock

    The water clocks, called pengan (and later fenjan) used were one of the most practical ancient tools for timing the yearly calendar. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] The water clock was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for calculating the amount or the time that a farmer must take water from a qanat or well for irrigation until more accurate ...

  3. Norias of Hama - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norias_of_Hama

    It was built to supply water to the Great Mosque of Hama one kilometre away (0.63 mile) [3] and it also supplied a public hammam (bath-house) and fountains, houses, and gardens nearby. [18] A construction date of 1361 CE is established by an inscription on its aqueduct, stating year 763 of the Islamic calendar.

  4. Noria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noria

    The term noria is commonly used for devices which use the power of moving water to turn the wheel. [3] For devices powered by animals, the usual term is saqiyah or saqiya. [4] Other types of similar devices are grouped under the name of chain pumps. However, the names of traditional water-raising devices used in the Middle East, India, Spain ...

  5. Waterskin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterskin

    Most waterskins could hold between 18 and 27.5 L (5 and 7 US gallons; 4 and 6 imperial gallons) of water. [1] The disadvantage of waterskins is that people who have fetched water in the skin bottle and who have drunk water from the same have complained of the water taking on the bad taste of the goatskin. [4]

  6. Loutrophoros - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loutrophoros

    The loutrophoros was used to carry water for a bride's pre-nuptial ritual bath, and in funeral rituals, and was placed in the tombs of the unmarried. [1] The loutrophoros itself is a motif for Greek tombstones, either as a relief (for instance, the lekythos on the Stele of Panaetius ) or as a stone vessel.

  7. History of timekeeping devices - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices

    Devices and methods for keeping time have gradually improved through a series of new inventions, starting with measuring time by continuous processes, such as the flow of liquid in water clocks, to mechanical clocks, and eventually repetitive, oscillatory processes, such as the swing of pendulums. Oscillating timekeepers are used in modern ...

  8. Ancient crystals reveal the earliest evidence of fresh water ...

    www.aol.com/ancient-crystals-reveal-earliest...

    A new analysis of ancient grains of crystal embedded in rock from the Australian outback suggests Earth had dry land and fresh water some 4 billion years ago — a time when scientists had thought ...

  9. Archimedes' screw - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes'_screw

    The screw pump is the oldest positive displacement pump. [1] The first records of a water screw, or screw pump, date back to Hellenistic Egypt before the 3rd century BC. [1] [3] The Egyptian screw, used to lift water from the Nile, was composed of tubes wound round a cylinder; as the entire unit rotates, water is lifted within the spiral tube to the higher elevation.