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Transparent alumina is currently one of the most mature transparent ceramics from a production and application perspective, and is available from several manufacturers. But the cost is high due to the processing temperature involved, as well as machining costs to cut parts out of single crystal boules.
Aluminium oxynitride is the hardest polycrystalline transparent ceramic available commercially. [ 2 ] [ needs update ] Because of its relatively low weight, distinctive optical and mechanical properties, and resistance to oxidation or radiation, it shows promise for applications such as bulletproof , blast-resistant, and optoelectronic windows ...
Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both glasses and ceramics. Glass-ceramics have an amorphous phase and one or more crystalline phases and are produced by a so-called "controlled crystallization" in contrast to a spontaneous crystallization, which is usually not wanted in glass manufacturing. Glass-ceramics have the fabrication ...
Yttralox is a transparent ceramic consisting of yttria (Y 2 O 3) containing approximately 10% thorium dioxide (ThO 2). [1] [2] It was one of the first transparent ceramics produced, [3] and was invented in 1966 by Richard C. Anderson at the General Electric Research Laboratory while sintering mixtures of rare earth minerals.
Ceramic material is an inorganic, metallic oxide, nitride, or carbide material. Some elements, such as carbon or silicon, may be considered ceramics. Ceramic materials are brittle, hard, strong in compression, and weak in shearing and tension. They withstand the chemical erosion that occurs in other materials subjected to acidic or caustic ...
The Bakelite Company produced "transparent" cast resin (which did not include filler) for a small market during the 1910s and 1920s. [ 15 ] : 172–174 Blocks or rods of cast resin, also known as "artificial amber", were machined and carved to create items such as pipe stems , cigarette holders , and jewelry .
The earliest known glass objects were beads, perhaps created accidentally during metalworking or the production of faience, which is a form of pottery using lead glazes. Due to its ease of formability into any shape, glass has been traditionally used for vessels, such as bowls , vases , bottles , jars and drinking glasses.
In 1953 S. Donald Stookey of the Corning Research and Development Division accidentally discovered Pyroceram, a white glass-ceramic material capable of withstanding a thermal shock of up to 450 K (840 °F). He was working with photosensitive glass and placed a piece in a furnace, planning on heating it to 600 degrees Fahrenheit.