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Hydroxyapatite (IMA name: hydroxylapatite [5]) (Hap, HAp, or HA) is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca 5 (PO 4) 3 (OH), often written Ca 10 (PO 4) 6 (OH) 2 to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities. [6] It is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group.
The human body is composed of approximately: 64% water, 20% protein, 10% fat, 1% carbohydrate, 5% minerals. [1] The decomposition of soft tissue is characterized by the breakdown of these macromolecules, and thus a large proportion of the decomposition products should reflect the amount of protein and fat content initially present in the body. [4]
They have the advantage of being inert in the human body, and their hardness and resistance to abrasion makes them useful for bone and tooth replacement. Some ceramics also have excellent resistance to friction, making them useful as replacement materials for malfunctioning joints .
The most common biogenic phosphate is hydroxyapatite (HA), a calcium phosphate (Ca 10 (PO 4) 6 (OH) 2) and a naturally occurring form of apatite. It is a primary constituent of bone, teeth, and fish scales. [33] Bone is made primarily of HA crystals interspersed in a collagen matrix—65 to 70% of the mass of bone is HA.
Mineralization in which the calcium phosphate layer gradually transforms into crystalline hydroxyapatite, that mimics the mineral phase naturally contained with vertebrate bones. Later, it was discovered that the morphology of the gel surface layer was a key component in determining the bioactive response.
PCL–Hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering can mimic the composition and morphology of the bone mineral phase and can be 3D printed into intricate designs. [ 6 ] PCL has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in specific applications used in the human body as (for example) a drug delivery device ...
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM), [1] [2] also called intercellular matrix (ICM), is a network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals, such as collagen, enzymes, glycoproteins and hydroxyapatite that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
The first 5 steps are related to the Bioglass response to the environment within the body, and occur rapidly at the material surface over several hours. [17] Reaction steps 6–10 detail the reaction of the body to the integration of the biomaterial, and the process of integration with bone.