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  2. Earth materials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_materials

    Rammed earth is more often considered for use in walls, although it can also be used for floors. Rammed earth and caliche block can be used for structural walls, and offer great potential as low-cost material alternatives with low embodied energy. In addition, such materials are fireproof. Caliche block and rammed earth can be produced on-site.

  3. Geochemical cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemical_cycle

    The Earth, as a system, is open to radiation from the sun and space, but is practically closed with regard to matter. [2] As all closed systems, it follows the law of conservation of mass which states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed, thus, the matter, although transformed and migrated, remains the same as when the Earth was formed.

  4. Residuum (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residuum_(geology)

    While regolith refers to all unconsolidated earth materials above the solid bed rock, including transported sediments such as sand or alluvium, residuum is strictly a non transported parent material. However, parent materials formed in place or "in-situ" can further be classified as saprolite or residuum. Residuum differs from saprolite through ...

  5. Geology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology

    Solidified lava flow in Hawaii Sedimentary layers in Badlands National Park, South Dakota Metamorphic rock, Nunavut, Canada. Geology (from Ancient Greek γῆ (gê) 'earth' and λoγία () 'study of, discourse') [1] [2] is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time. [3]

  6. Outline of Earth sciences - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Earth_sciences

    Earth's core – The inner part of the planet, formed by differential buoyancy of the component materials causing the denser materials to accumulate nearer to the centre. Outer core – A fluid layer composed of mostly iron and nickel between Earth's solid inner core and its mantle.

  7. Rock cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_cycle

    This diamond is a mineral from within an igneous or metamorphic rock that formed at high temperature and pressure. The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that describes transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.

  8. Clay mineral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_mineral

    Clay is a very fine-grained geologic material that develops plasticity when wet, but becomes hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing. [2] [3] [4] It is a very common material, [5] and is the oldest known ceramic. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay and used it for making pottery. [6]

  9. Internal structure of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth

    The transition between the inner core and outer core is located approximately 5,150 km (3,200 mi) beneath Earth's surface. Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the planet Earth. It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 km (760 mi), which is about 19% of Earth's radius [0.7% of volume] or 70% of the Moon's radius.