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Orthodontic indices are one of the tools that are available for orthodontists to grade and assess malocclusion. [1] Orthodontic indices can be useful for an epidemiologist to analyse prevalence and severity of malocclusion in any population.
Universal numbering system. This is a dental practitioner view, so tooth number 1, the rear upper tooth on the patient's right, appears on the left of the chart. The Universal Numbering System, sometimes called the "American System", is a dental notation system commonly used in the United States. [1] [2]
Malocclusion is often treated with orthodontics, [42] such as tooth extraction, clear aligners, or dental braces, [44] followed by growth modification in children or jaw surgery (orthognathic surgery) in adults. Surgical intervention is used only in rare occasions.
The upper teeth are denoted I 1, I 2, C −, Pm 3, Pm 4, M 1, M 2, and M 3. Left or right has to be specified. The lower teeth are I 1, I 2, C −, Pm 3, Pm 4, M 1, M 2, and M 3. The reason the premolars are labeled 3 and 4 is that in earlier primates there were two other premolars between them and the canines. [5]
Palmer notation (sometimes called the "Military System" and named for 19th-century American dentist Dr. Corydon Palmer from Warren, Ohio [1]) is a dental notation (tooth numbering system).
Whatever the purpose, orthodontic headgear works by exerting tension on the braces via hooks, a facebow, coils, elastic bands, metal orthodontic bands, and other attachable appliances directly into the patient's mouth. It is most effective for children and teenagers because their jaws are still developing and can be easily manipulated.
Cephalometric analysis is the clinical application of cephalometry.It is analysis of the dental and skeletal relationships of a human skull. [1] It is frequently used by dentists, orthodontists, and oral and maxillofacial surgeons as a treatment planning tool. [2]
Overbite is the extent of vertical (superior-inferior) overlap of the maxillary central incisors over the mandibular central incisors, [1] measured relative to the incisal ridges. [2] The term overbite does not refer to a specific condition, nor is it a form of malocclusion. Rather an absent or excess overbite would be a malocclusion.