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A holobiont is a collection of closely associated species that have complex interactions, such as a plant species and the members of its microbiome. [2] [9] Each species present in a holobiont is a biont, and the genomes of all bionts taken together are the hologenome, or the "comprehensive gene system" of the holobiont. [10]
This concept has been demonstrated for land plants, where root exudates manipulate microbiome composition. [89] In marine environments, the phylogenetic diversity of hosts and symbionts suggests both conserved and marine-specific chemical interactions, but studies are still in their infancy.
The term for this specific symbiotic relationship, where a microbial consortia pairs with a host is called a holobiotic relationship. The sponge as well as the microbial community associated with it will produce a large range of secondary metabolites that help protect it against predators through mechanisms such as chemical defense. [ 18 ]
The stable, beneficial plant microbiome may be altered to facilitate the development of certain diseases, as observed in the olive knot disease. [ 16 ] As functional macrobes living in a close association with diverse communities of microbes and viruses, plants should be considered a "holobiont", viewed as a complex system in continuous ...
One of the important outcomes of recasting the individual as a holobiont subject to evolutionary forces is that genetic variation in the hologenome can be brought about by changes in the host genome and also by changes in the microbiome, including new acquisitions of microbes, horizontal gene transfers, and changes in microbial abundance within ...
The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was a United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) research initiative to improve understanding of the microbiota involved in human health and disease. Launched in 2007, [ 1 ] the first phase (HMP1) focused on identifying and characterizing human microbiota.
The symbiotic relationship between a host and its microbiota is under laboratory research for how it may shape the immune system of mammals. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] In many animals, the immune system and microbiota may engage in "cross-talk" by exchanging chemical signals, which may enable the microbiota to influence immune reactivity and targeting. [ 54 ]
The new legislation, called Securing our Agriculture and Food Act (H.R. 1238), amended the Homeland Security Act of 2002 and requires the Secretary of Homeland Security, through the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for Health Affairs, to lead the federal government’s efforts to ensure the security of food, agriculture and veterinary ...