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  2. Economies of scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale

    A lone carmaker may be profitable, but even more so if they exported cars to global markets in addition to selling to the local market. Economies of scale also play a role in a "natural monopoly". There is a distinction between two types of economies of scale: internal and external.

  3. Horizontal integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

    A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [1] [2] [3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market for that product or service. [3] Benefits of horizontal integration include: increasing economies of scale, expanding an existing market, and improving product ...

  4. Returns to scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns_to_scale

    For example, if there are increasing returns to scale in some range of output levels, but the firm is so big in one or more input markets that increasing its purchases of an input drives up the input's per-unit cost, then the firm could have diseconomies of scale in that range of output levels.

  5. Diseconomies of scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseconomies_of_scale

    The concept of diseconomies of scale is the opposite of economies of scale. It occurs when economies of scale become dysfunctional for a firm. [ 1 ] In business, diseconomies of scale [ 2 ] are the features that lead to an increase in average costs as a business grows beyond a certain size.

  6. Barriers to entry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entry

    A structural barrier to entry is a cost incurred by new entrants to a market that is caused by inherent industry conditions, such as upfront capital investment, economies of scale and network effects. [4] For example, the cost to develop a factory and obtain the initial capital required for manufacturing can be seen as a structural barrier to ...

  7. Localization and Urbanization Economies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_and...

    Localization and Urbanization Economies are two types of external economies of scale, or agglomeration economies. External economies of scale result from an increase in the productivity of an entire industry, region, or economy due to factors outside of an individual company. There are three sources of external economies of scale: input sharing ...

  8. Intra-industry trade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-industry_trade

    Krugman argues that economies specialise to take advantage of increasing returns, not following differences in regional endowments (as contended by neoclassical theory). In particular, trade allows countries to specialize in a limited variety of production and thus reap the advantages of increasing returns (i.e., economies of scale ), but ...

  9. Home market effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_market_effect

    Krugman's model yields two related predictions regarding the effects of market size asymmetries on the geographic distribution of industry activity. Krugman (1980) demonstrates that a country with larger consumers of an industry's goods will run a trade surplus in that industry characterized by economies of scale .