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In psychology, a moderator is a factor that changes the outcome of a particular situation. With regards to victimization, these can take the form of environmental or contextual characteristics, other people’s responses after victimization has occurred, or a victimized person’s internal responses to or views on what they have experienced.
However, the just-world fallacy also results in a tendency for people to blame and disparage victims of an accident or a tragedy, such as rape [15] [16] and domestic abuse, [17] to reassure themselves of their insusceptibility to such events. People may even blame the victim's faults in a "past life" to pursue justification for their bad outcome.
This way of thinking can lead one to hopelessness and despair. [22] The victim role can be reinforced by individuals viewing themselves as having had the same agency at the time they were victimized as they have in the present. [23]: 240 It is common for a therapist to take a long period of time to build a trusting relationship with a victim.
A victim impact panel, which usually follows the victim impact statement, is a form of community-based or restorative justice in which the crime victims (or relatives and friends of deceased crime victims) meet with the defendant after conviction to tell the convict about how the criminal activity affected them, in the hope of rehabilitation or ...
In social psychology, shattered assumptions theory proposes that experiencing traumatic events can change how victims and survivors view themselves and the world. . Specifically, the theory – published by Ronnie Janoff-Bulman in 1992 – concerns the effect that negative events have on three inherent assumptions: overall benevolence of the world, meaningfulness of the world, and se
While some behavioral changes can be beneficial, others can cause serious harm to the individual experiencing them. Sometimes, a change can be due to something as small as an environmental cue, whereas other cases may take a more multifaceted approach. [3] In those cases, there are several treatment options available.
The identifiable victim effect disappears when a group of victims, rather than a single victim, is identified. [15] In a group of two or more victims, identifying every victim makes no difference. For example, a 2005 study by Kogut and Ritov [ 23 ] asked participants how much they would be willing to donate to either a critically ill child or a ...
The bystander effect, or bystander apathy, is a social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in the presence of other people. The theory was first proposed in 1964 after the murder of Kitty Genovese , in which a newspaper had reported (albeit erroneously) that 38 bystanders saw or heard the ...