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Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that cause a profound and prolonged reduction of stomach acid production. They do so by irreversibly inhibiting the stomach's H + /K + ATPase proton pump . [ 1 ]
An upper GI bleed is more common than lower GI bleed. [2] An upper GI bleed occurs in 50 to 150 per 100,000 adults per year. [8] A lower GI bleed is estimated to occur in 20 to 30 per 100,000 per year. [2] It results in about 300,000 hospital admissions a year in the United States. [1] Risk of death from a GI bleed is between 5% and 30%.
Forrest's classification is instrumental when stratifying patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage into high and low risk categories for mortality.It is also a significant method of prediction of the risk of rebleeding and very often is used for evaluation of the endoscopic intervention modalities. [3]
Pantoprazole, sold under the brand name Protonix, among others, is a medication used for the treatment of stomach ulcers, short-term treatment of erosive esophagitis due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), maintenance of healing of erosive esophagitis, and pathological hypersecretory conditions including Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.
Significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding is considered a medical emergency. Fluid replacement, as well as blood transfusion, may be required. Endoscopy is recommended within 24 hours and bleeding can be stopped by various techniques. [1] Proton pump inhibitors are often used. [2] Tranexamic acid may also be useful. [2]
Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) and its effectiveness is similar to that of other PPIs. [9] It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein . [ 1 ] [ 10 ] It is also available in the fixed-dose combination medication omeprazole/sodium bicarbonate as Zegerid [ 11 ] [ 12 ] and as Konvomep.
Dosage and Administration - gives recommended dosage(s); may list more than one for different conditions or different patients (e.g., lower dosages for children) How Supplied - includes the dosage form(s), strength(s), units in which the dosage form(s) are ordinarily available, identifying features of the dosage form(s) such as the National ...
Clark's rule is a medical term referring to a mathematical formula used to calculate the proper dosage of medicine for children aged 2–17 based on the weight of the patient and the appropriate adult dose. [1] The formula was named after Cecil Belfield Clarke (1894–1970), a Barbadian physician who practiced throughout the UK, the West Indies ...