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Cost differences between the traditional methods and the triple test score varied based on the stages of breast mass evaluation. Traditional methods of evaluating breast masses include radiological assessments (e.g. mammography, ultrasound, MRI) and pathologic analyses (e.g. fine-needle aspiration cytology, core biopsy). [10]
The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer. [1] [2] Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumour; the number of involved lymph nodes; and the grade of the tumour. [1] It is calculated to select patients for adjuvant treatment.
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
A breast mass, also known as a breast lump, is a localized swelling that feels different from the surrounding tissue. [1] Breast pain , nipple discharge , or skin changes may be present. [ 1 ] Concerning findings include masses that are hard, do not move easily, are of an irregular shape, or are firmly attached to surrounding tissue.
The UpToDate system is an evidence-based clinical resource. It includes a collection of medical and patient information, access to Lexicomp drug monographs and drug-to-drug interactions, and a number of medical calculators. UpToDate is written by over 7,100 physician authors, editors, and peer reviewers. It is available both via the Internet ...
The Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) is a quality assurance tool originally designed for use with mammography.The system is a collaborative effort of many health groups but is published and trademarked by the American College of Radiology (ACR).
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The goal of mammography is the early detection of breast cancer, typically through detection of characteristic masses and/or microcalcifications. In addition to diagnostic purposes, mammography has interventional utility in stereotactic biopsies to precisely locate and find the area of concern and guide the biopsy needle to this precise location.